The Toba Supervolcano

NORTH 02: The Story of Our Species

#paleoanthropology #human #ancienthuman Start learning a new language today by clicking this link! https://speakly.app.link/Speakly Try free for 7 days, and get a 60% discount if you join the annual subscription. Thanks for watching, Make sure to like, share, comment, and subscribe! ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Check out my stuff! Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/north02video/ Subreddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/NORTH02reddit/ Email: [e-mail] ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ All media displayed in this video is displayed with either permission from the copyright owner, fair use, or is creative commons. If I failed to give proper credit or you do not want your images displayed here, please contact me and I will give credit or immediately remove them at your request. Much of the media displayed in this video is protected under FAIR USE for reasons of Commentary, Education, Criticism, Parody, and Social Satire. ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ Sources: Gathorne-Hardy, F.J, and W.E.H Harcourt-Smith. “The Super-Eruption of Toba, Did It Cause a Human Bottleneck?” Journal of Human Evolution, Academic Press, 2 Sept. 2003, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248403001052. SH;, Ambrose. “Late Pleistocene Human Population Bottlenecks, Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans.” Journal of Human Evolution, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9650103/. UCT_news. “Modern Humans Flourished through Ancient Supervolcano Eruption 74,000 Years Ago.” EurekAlert!, https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/523443. Ge, Yong, and Xing Gao. “Understanding the Overestimated Impact of the Toba Volcanic Super-Eruption on Global Environments and Ancient Hominins.” Quaternary International, Pergamon, 28 July 2020, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618220303335. Williams, Martin. “The ~73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: History of a debate” Quaternary International May 2012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821100485X Hawks, John. “The so-Called Toba Bottleneck Didn't Happen.” John Hawks Weblog, 9 Feb. 2018, https://johnhawks.net/weblog/reviews/climate/toba-bottleneck-didnt-happen-2018.html. Costa, Antonio, et al. “The Magnitude and Impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff Super-Eruption.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2014.00016/full. Rampino, Michael R.; Self, Stephen (1993). "Climate–Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ~74,000 Years ago" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 40 (3): 269–280. Bibcode:1993QuRes..40..269R Oppenheimer, Clive (August 2002), "Limited global change due to largest known Quaternary eruption, Toba ≈74 kyr BP?", Quaternary Science Reviews, 21 (14–15): 1593–1609, Bibcode:2002QSRv...21.1593O, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00154-8 Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M.; Oman, L.; Shindell, D.; Levis, S.; Stenchikov, G. (2009). "Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ~74k BP Produce Widespread Glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD011652 Williams, Martin. “The ~73 ka Toba super-eruption and its impact: History of a debate” Quaternary International May 2012 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821100485X Zielinski, G.A.; Mayewski, P.A.; Meeker, L.D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M.S.; Taylor, K. (1996). "Potential Atmospheric Impact of the Toba Mega‐Eruption ~71,000 years ago" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (8): 837–840. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23..837Z. doi:10.1029/96GL00706. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011. Robock, A.; Ammann, C.M.; Oman, L.; Shindell, D.; Levis, S.; Stenchikov, G. (2009). "Did the Toba Volcanic Eruption of ~74k BP Produce Widespread Glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (D10): D10107. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11410107R. doi:10.1029/2008JD01165 Smith, Eugene I., et al. “Humans Thrived in South Africa through the Toba Eruption about 74,000 Years Ago...

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